Chapter 5

CHAPTER SUMMARY ON THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT PREPARED BY MEMBERS OF TEAM 2.

This chapter seeks to shed more light on two vital aspects of the research process which are; i) Theoretical Framework, and

ii) Hypothesis Development.

A theoretical framework is a conceptual model of how one makes logical sense of the relationships among the factors that have been highlighted as necessary to a particular research topic.
It can also be referred to as a logically developed, described and elaborate network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations and literature survey.

From the definition of the term “theoretical framework” we identified some key elements which are;
i) It is logically based
ii) Existence of a relationship among certain factors or variables

What are Variables?

Variables are the various forms, characteristics or qualities of issues we seek research. Variables can take on differing or varying values.
Variables are called what they are because it is assumed that the cases will vary in their scores on these attributes. For example if the variable is someone’s age, we obviously recognize that people can be different ages.

Types of variables.

i) Dependent variable: this can also be termed as the outcome variable. It is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The aim of the researcher is to understand, describe and predict this variable. An example of a dependent variant could be a study to determine why some people are more satisfied in their jobs than others. Job satisfaction is the dependent variable in this case.

ii) Independent variable: also known as the predictor or explanatory variables. They are the variables that we believe influence the dependable variable in either a positive or negative way. An example is studying why people are more satisfied with their jobs if they are given a lot more freedom and also a pay increase. The independent variable here is the Job freedom and salary increase.

iii) Moderating variable: also termed the contingent variable. It has a strong contingent or modifying effect on both the independent and dependent variable. It’s main function seems to adjust the strength of relationship between the independent and dependent variables. For example is studying the perception that diversity in organizations can make them more profitable but only if managers are specially trained in diversity management. The moderating variable here is the “diversity training”. It adjusts the strength of relationship between diversity (independent variable) and profitability (dependent variable).

iv) Intervening Variance: this is the variable that surfaces between the time the independent variables start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it. Citing the example used in describing the Moderating variable, we said that diversity brings about profitability, we add an intervening variance by stating that diversity(independent variance) leads to innovation which in turn leads to profitability. Innovation is the intervening variance.


Why the theoretical framework?

A theoretical framework guides any research and gives direction determining what things to measure and what statistical relationships you will look for. It is the foundation on which the entire research project is based.
It has also been proven to be very important in exploratory studies because it helps the research have a guide and direction in his research work despite whatever his preconceived notions were about the research topic. Things not in your framework go unnoticed.

Having a sound theoretical framework is very essential in any research which primarily seeks to find solution to a problem. The relationship between the literature survey and the theoretical framework is that literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical framework. It provides the basic information i.e. the variables and other logical connections that is using in drawing up the theoretical framework.

Essential Components of The Theoretical Framework.

1. The relevant variables should be clearly identified and labelled.
2. Clearly state how the variables are related to another
3. Theorize the nature and direction of the relationships on the basis of the findings of the previous research, and then indicate if the relationship will be negative or positive.
4. Clearly stated reason why the researcher expects the relationships to exist.
5. A systematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be drawn to show the relationships amongst the variables.


HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT.

Hypothesis development is the next stage in the research process after successfully drawing up the theoretical framework.
Hypothesis can be defined as a logical relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. By confirming or rejecting hypothesis, it is expected that solutions can be found to correct the problem encountered.
Hypothesis should have the following characteristics;
i) It should be testable
ii) Availability of variables that can be related and substantiated.

Types of Hypothesis.

i).If-then statements:
This type of hypothesis seeks to test whether there are differences between two groups (or among several groups) with respect to nay variable or variables.
An example of using this statement can be described using this case; Employees who are healthier will take sick leave less frequently.
“If employees are healthier, then they will take sick leave less frequently”


iii) Directional and Non Directional Hypothesis.
If terms such as positive, negative, more than, less than are used, then the hypothesis are directional because the relationship between variables is indicated.
For example:
“The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction level of employees.”

On the other hand non-directional hypothesis shows no indication of the direction of the relationship. For example:
“There is a relationship between age and satisfaction.” This statement doesn’t give a direction as to the relationship between age and satisfaction

iii) Null and Alternate Hypothesis
The null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables. The null statement is expressed as no relationship between two variables or no difference between two groups. While on the other hand, the Alternate hypothesis is one which is the opposite of the null, it expresses the existence of a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups.




Team Summary.
The review of this chapter has helped in identifying and distinguishing between the various variables associated with any given situation and using the links among the variable in drawing up a theoretical framework.

It has also taught us how to develop a hypothesis which can be tested and applied to a research project.